Teaching How-to: Chapter 3.4: Building in Flexibility

Building in Flexibility

In an ideal world, running a class session should go according to the plan you’ve laid out in Ch. 3.2 “Mapping out Your Lessons”. In reality, classes rarely go exactly as planned; discussions might take an unexpected but productive turn, electronic equipment might malfunction, database connections could lag, or a problem set may take more or less time than expected. Being flexible helps you manage the unexpected without losing sight of what students should take away. Building in flexibility can look like many things, including:

Thinking about each of these variables ahead of your class can help you implement more flexible strategies into your teaching practice. 

Time Management

Running over time

Sometimes a planned activity or discussion runs longer than expected. When this happens, gauge where the activity or discussion stands and take a moment to check what comes next. Ask yourself: is the activity going in a promising direction? Would extending it help students achieve the session’s objectives more effectively than the next planned activity? Are there any finishing points from this discussion or from the next stage of the lesson plan that can be summarized in an email or addressed in the next session? 

If you decide to continue the discussion in the next session, thank the students for their contributions and lively engagement and let them know that you will revisit the topic, and then wrap up. If only a few students need more time, encourage them to attend office hours or schedule an appointment.

In terms of the six-stage lesson plan presented in Ch. 3.2 “Mapping out Your Lessons”, running over time is most likely to happen during stages 2 (Present Material) and 3 (Engage Your Students) of a lesson plan. Try to leave time for stages 4 (Bring Students Back) and 5 (Preview Next Lesson), as these steps help prepare students for future learning. 

Running under time

If you cover all planned points early, you can either dismiss students or use the extra time for deeper exploration or to get ahead on new material. Consider having optional discussion questions or prompts ready for those who wish to stay. Let students know that the primary objectives have been met and allow them to opt into further discussion, following Stages 4 (Bring Students Back), and 5 (Preview Next Lesson)

If your sessions are frequently running over or under time, you may need to adjust your overall lesson plans and pacing for the semester.

Adjusting to Varying Engagement Levels

Engagement levels fluctuate for many reasons, and it’s important to recognize and respond to these shifts. Students might be unprepared due to external factors, or they may struggle with unexpectedly difficult material. 

Lack of Pre-Class Preparation

Students may occasionally arrive without completing assigned readings, homework, or problem sets. This is especially likely during midterm season or around major campus events (for example, Family Weekend, The Game, and Tap Night). While reducing workload during busy periods may not be ideal, being aware of potential under-preparation helps in adapting class activities. If you suspect student’s haven’t done the work, ask them—they’ll likely be honest with you.

Particularly Challenging Material

Some concepts may be more difficult than anticipated. If you notice that students are hesitant to respond or appear confused, revisit foundational concepts before progressing. Communicating with the lead instructors may also be helpful, as they might adjust their lectures accordingly. Consider adding a short reflection at the end of class to help diagnose misunderstandings. Some questions might be: 

  • What is something from the lecture you still have questions about? 
  • What was the easiest or hardest thing to understand? 
  • What do you feel most confident in explaining to others? 

External Distractions and Troubling Times

Students may occasionally struggle to engage in class due to external events or individual circumstances that impact their focus and well-being. Sometimes, these events are shared, others, they’re deeply personal. Acknowledging these circumstances, providing space for brief reflection, and offering flexibility with deadlines or attendance can help. 

For more detailed guidance, see the Poorvu Center’s Teaching in Context: Troubling Times webpage.  

How to Adjust

Have backup questions or activities ready in case students haven’t completed the assignment or are struggling with comprehension. Keeping a mental or written list of basic, intermediate and advanced discussion points can help you adapt. If students struggle, start with foundational concepts; if they grasp the material quickly, move to more complex discussions. 

Refer to the “Asking Good Questions” subsection in Ch3.3 “Leading a Class Session” to brainstorm questions that will help you gauge students’ understanding.

Technology Malfunctions

When equipment fails—whether it’s a projector, an experiment, or an online tool—staying calm and focusing on learning objectives is important. A little preparation can go a long way in helping you stay calm, cool, and collected while you figure out alternative ways to deliver content and mitigate disruptions. Following UDL principles by offering multiple ways to engage with material can also improve resilience to technological failures. 

If technology malfunctions during class, take a breath and remind yourself of the session objectives, what content needs to be prioritized, and your next best option for how to present it. Keep track of how your adjustments play out; it could be that this malfunction makes for more productive learning, or at least you have a better idea for how to prepare the next time something like this happens. 

Technology for Session Materials

If you’re using technology to share session learning content (Powerpoint, Canva, Google Slides, YouTube), have alternatives such as printed handouts or a whiteboard sketch ready to go; these can be helpful for students who learn better by taking physical notes on paper. Preparing alternative frameworks for visualizing and working through content is another principle of UDL you can apply in your classroom. 

If technology fails: 

  • Borrow a student’s device.
  • Have students access materials on their own devices and share if needed.
  • Draw visuals on a chalkboard or whiteboard. 
  • Shift to a formal lecture or an active learning activity like think-pair-share. 

Active Learning Technology

If technology for active learning fails, have a low-tech alternative in mind. For example, if you were planning to use one of the following tools, consider doing these alternatives instead: 

  • Polleverywhere: use hand-raising, anonymous paper slips, or verbal brainstorming. 
  • Google Suite: use shared note-taking on the board or poster paper. 
  • Perusall: conduct in-class reading discussions. 

Experiments and Demonstrations 

Whether your materials arrive non-functional (sample shipment delayed or arrives in unusable condition), they stop working mid-class (batteries die, lightbulb goes out, etc.), or the experimental data is not coming out as expected, as with the previous malfunctions, keep your learning objectives in mind. To prepare:

  • Test the demo or experiment from start to finish.
  • Have a recording of a working demo ready to go. 
  • Have a scan, picture, or recording of the art, object, or manuscript museum piece being displayed.
  • Keep backup samples or data ready. 

If technology fails mid-class, you can take the following steps: 

  • Frame it as a learning opportunity. Discuss what went wrong and why. 
  • Crowdsource troubleshooting—what variables could have led to this outcome? 
  • If relevant, discuss accessibility to scientific resources and who gets to conduct experiments. 

Summary 

Adjusting class pacing and plans mid-session is a skill that improves with experience. Even with extensive preparation, things may still go awry. Your primary role is to guide students’ learning while staying adaptable. The more you practice, the more confident you will become in making real-time adjustments. For further strategies, explore the resources below on how experienced instructors integrate flexibility into their teaching.